Triangulation in research, with examples evidencebased nursing. Denzin 1978 and patton 1999 identified four types of triangulation. Typically, scholars mention triangulation in discussions to do with how the quality or validity of a study might be assured e. Validity, reliability and triangulation in case study method. Dec 05, 2005 the triangulation scheme used data collected via three different qualitative research methods interviews, surveys, and reflective journals or field notes. Flick, u 2018, triangulation and mixed methods, in the. A schematic representation of our triangulation design is shown in figure 1. Nov 10, 20 methodological triangulation involves the use of multiple qualitative andor quantitative methods to study the program for example, results from surveys, focus groups, and interviews could be compared to see if similar results are being found if the conclusions from each of the methods are the same, then validity is established. Patton 2002 discusses four types of triangulations in doing. The evaluation of new zealand school leadership development programs using mixedmethods research a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods to study sustainability of microfinance and microbusinesses.
This type of triangulation, frequently used in qualitative studies, may include interviews, observation, and field notes. You can do simultaneous triangulation with the methods in your toolkit. Within the primary triangles other points are fixed at closure intervals so as to form a secondary series of triangles. Data triangulation in qualitative research helping. Why by combining multiple observers, theories, methods, and empirical materials, sociologists can hope to overcome the weakness or intrinsic biases and the problems that come from single method, singleobserver, singletheory studies. Each vertex of the triangle produces results that are compared and weighed against the results of the other methods. Which are comparatively small are used, the instars and methods are not of the same at most refined.
There are several types of bias encountered in research, particularly the qualitative design research we use in the field of ux and ixd. Types of triangulation the first type of triangulation is method triangulation. In 1978, norman denzin identified four basic types of triangulation. If different research methods come to the same conclusion, the researcher can be more confident that the results are truly a reflection of what is actually happening and not a. A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. In this paper, five types of triangulation will be examined. Finally, triangulation can help explain the results of a study. Data triangulation in qualitative research helping research. This type of triangulation, where the researchers use different sources, is perhaps the most popular because it is the easiest to implement.
This is where the concept of triangulation comes into its own. Originating in navigational and surveying contexts, triangulation aligns multiple perspectives and leads to a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of interest. Average triangle closure 3sec max 8 sec 2 to 5km miles 8 to 70 km 540. Alternatively, the study may use two different data collection methods as. Changing sociocultural dynamics and implications for national security.
Oct 06, 2014 in this example of rapid research dr martin senior summarises the concept of triangulation as discussed by denzin. It is common to have qualitative and quantitative data in a study. Generally, both methods are used to overcome a weakness in using one method with the strengths of another. Triangulation in research, with examples evidencebased. The evaluation of new zealand school leadership development programs using mixed methods research a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods to study sustainability of microfinance and microbusinesses. The primary advantage of triangulation designs in research studies lies in the ability to find agreement and validation of results through a variety of research methods. Two or more methods used to confirm, crossvalidate, or corroborate findings within a study.
Triangulation can be used at different levels in a methodology. Doing triangulation and mixed methods sage research methods. Methods triangulation checking out the consistency of findings generated by different data collection methods it is common to have qualitative and quantitative data in a study. Triangulation surveying is the tracing and measurement of a series or network of triangles to determine distances and relative positions of points spread over an area, by measuring the length of one side of each triangle and deducing its angles and length of other two sides by observation from this baseline. To my understanding, there are two basic designs in mixed method. In the sage handbook of qualitative data collection pp.
Thus a project can collect data from the same or different participants using different methods, and use method or betweenmethod triangulation to integrate them. Triangulation is an attempt to map out, or explain more fully, the richness and complexity of human behavior by studying it from more than one standpoint. Where did the term triangulation come from, and how did it come to be used in qualitative. Methodological triangulation introduction methodological triangulation or mixedmethods research uses more than one kind of method to study a phenomenon risjord et al 2001, casey and murphy 2009. Methods triangulation checking out the consistency of findings generated by different data collection methods. By combining multiple observers, theories, methods, and empirical materials. Start studying methods and data types triangulation, validity, reliability. We got here by experimenting with mixing different methods and we encourage you to do the same.
G data triangulation, g investigator triangulation, g theory triangulation, g methodological triangulation, and g environmental triangulation. Triangulation extended beyond its mathematical roots in the 1970s when it began to be used as a sociological method. Norman denzin identified four basic types of triangulation. Some qualitative techniques can be very complementary, for example semistructured interviews can be combined with participant diaries or focus groups, to provide different levels of. Validity, reliability and triangulation in case study. Research types of triangulation there are four basic types. Triangulation in qualitative research quirkos qualitative. There are two types of methodological triangulation. Data triangulation data triangulation involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study. With many research questions ahead, we are excited to continue utilizing simultaneous triangulation to influence complex product, design, and tech strategy decisions. There are five different types of triangulation which will be explained briefly over here. The methods chosen in triangulation to test the validity and reliability of a study depend on the criterion of the research golafshani, 2003.
Alternatively, the study may use two different data collection methods as with qualitative and quanti. Specifically in surveying, triangulation involves only angle measurements, rather than measuring distances to the point directly as in trilateration. What is triangulation of data in qualitative research. Triangulation also has been viewed as a qualitative research strategy to test validity through the convergence of information from different sources. This involves things like the time needed to analyse different data types created from different methods, the need to employ more researchers and the general coordination of a much larger research project. Triangulation is a method used by qualitative researchers to check and establish validity in their studies. Different kinds of triangulation the gender and cocoa.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The four major types of mixed methods designs the four major types of mixed methods designs are the triangulation design, the embedded design, the explanatory design, and the exploratory design. In this new sector, triangulation was defined as a process of combining data from different sources to study a particular social phenomenon. Methodological triangulation methodological triangulation involves the use of multiple qualitative andor quantitative methods to study the program. These elucidate complementary aspects of the same phenomenon. However, the purpose of triangulation is not necessarily to crossvalidate. However, the triangulation allows the access to new data sources by qualitative methods and combines it. Methods and data types triangulation, validity, reliability. However, effective triangulation depends on coordination and collaboration. The triangulation scheme used data collected via three different qualitative research methods interviews, surveys, and reflective journals or field notes.
In the sage handbook of qualitative data collection, 525526. Methodological triangulation involves the use of multiple qualitative andor quantitative methods to study the program for example, results from surveys, focus groups, and interviews could be compared to see if similar results are being found if the conclusions from each of the methods are the same, then validity is established. Triangulation qualitative research guidelines project. Methodological triangulation is the most common type of triangulation. They overlap each other somewhat, being complimentary at times, contrary at others. Specifically, the problem with relying on just one method is to do with bias.
Mertens1 and sharlene hessebiber2 triangulation is a measurement technique often used by surveyors to locate an object in space by relying on two known points in order to triangulate on an unknown fixed point in that same space. Methodological triangulation introduction methodological triangulation or mixed methods research uses more than one kind of method to study a phenomenon risjord et al 2001, casey and murphy 2009. Some see triangulation as a method for corroborating findings and as. Triangulation is a data analysis technique that focuses on contrasting visions or approaches based on the data collected. Triangulation in social science triangulation is defined as the mixing of data or methods so that diverse viewpoints or standpoints cast light upon a topic. The power of triangulation in design research design. On the compatibility between qualitative and quantitative research methods. Method triangulation occurs when two or more methods are used to. First, ways of combining several forms of qualitative data in collecting them is discussed as triangulation see flick, chapter 34, this volume, before two chapters address the use of qualitative methods and data in mixed methods research from two angles. Denzin 2006 identified four basic types of triangulation. Jan 18, 2018 triangulation is a term that is frequently mentioned in publications of qualitative studies. They argued that it could be used to increase the validity while minimizing bias, triangulation could be used to enhance the strengths while minimizing weaknesses of single methods, complementarity allows analysis from different perspectives, initiation helps development of one method to enhance the other method, development expands the overall.
Triangulation of methods that include an investigation of potential divergences within the outcome will increase the confidence in a study tremendously. Triangulation may include multiple methods of data collection and data analysis, but does not suggest a fix method for all the researches. Triangulation point signed by iron rod in trigonometry and geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by forming triangles to it from known points. What are the different types of mixed method research design. The following sections provide an overview of each of these designs. Triangulation is a powerful technique that facilitates validation of data through cross verification from two or more sources. Triangulation social science triangulation is a powerful technique that facilitates validation of data through cross verification from two or more sources. In qualitative research exploring the forms of triangulation in. By combining multiple observers, theories, methods, and empirical materials, researchers hope to overcome the weakness or intrinsic biases and the problems that come from single method, singleobserver, and singletheory studies. National academies of sciences, engineering, and medicine. Denzin 1978 and patton 1999 identify four types of triangulation. In the social sciences, triangulation refers to the application and combination of several research methods in the study of the same phenomenon.
This process of using a series of methods in combination is known as triangulation a research strategy used to gain different perspectives on a. Qualitative and quantitative methods can really be mixed 1. Mertens1 and sharlene hessebiber2 triangulation is a measurement technique often used by surveyors to locate an object in space by relying on two known points in order to triangulate on an. Journal of mixed methods research triangulation and mixed. The easiest method to implement uses a variety of information or data sources in order to increase the validity of the results. Also known as mixed method research, triangulation is the act of combining several research methods to study one thing. In the most widelyused type of triangulation the researcher offsets the weaknesses of one method with the strengths of another. In particular, it refers to the application and combination of several research methods in the study of the same phenomenon. By means of this the methods used to study the phenomenon are mixed, either those of quantitative or qualitative orientation. This type of triangulation is very similar to the mixed method approaches. However, the triangulation allows the access to new data sources by qualitative methods and combines it with demographic data in an efficient perspective. The term triangulation refers to the practice of using multiple sources of data or multiple approaches to analyzing data to enhance the credibility of a research study.
303 1059 458 77 305 51 493 1496 1095 534 534 418 495 231 167 651 1200 934 712 1352 227 676 3 701 1550 1451 1054 162 129 641 919 1297 525 1204 780 172 905 159